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feat: first commit

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Luna 2025-07-04 13:31:52 +02:00
parent 3fd635fa31
commit 99302719e9
18 changed files with 1393 additions and 0 deletions
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9
lupos/.cargo/config.toml Normal file
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[unstable]
build-std-features = ["compiler-builtins-mem"]
build-std = ["core", "compiler_builtins", "alloc"]
[build]
target = "x86_64-lupos.json"
[target.'cfg(target_os = "none")']
runner = "bootimage runner"

153
lupos/Cargo.lock generated Normal file
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# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
# It is not intended for manual editing.
version = 3
[[package]]
name = "autocfg"
version = "1.3.0"
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]
[[package]]
name = "lupos"
version = "0.1.0"
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"bootloader",
"lazy_static",
"linked_list_allocator",
"pc-keyboard",
"pic8259",
"spin",
"uart_16550",
"volatile 0.2.7",
"x86_64",
]
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"x86_64",
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"bitflags 2.5.0",
"rustversion",
"volatile 0.4.6",
]

38
lupos/Cargo.toml Normal file
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[package]
name = "lupos"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"
[[test]]
name = "should_panic"
harness = false
[[test]]
name = "stack_overflow"
harness = false
[dependencies]
bootloader = { version = "0.9", features = ["map_physical_memory"] }
volatile = "0.2.6"
spin = "0.5.2"
x86_64 = "0.14.2"
uart_16550 = "0.2.0"
pic8259 = "0.10.1"
pc-keyboard = "0.5.0"
linked_list_allocator = "0.9.0"
[dependencies.lazy_static]
version = "1.0"
features = ["spin_no_std"]
[package.metadata.bootimage]
test-args = [
"-device",
"isa-debug-exit,iobase=0xf4,iosize=0x04",
"-serial",
"stdio",
"-display",
"none",
]
test-success-exit-code = 33 # (0x10 << 1) | 1

84
lupos/src/allocator.rs Normal file
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use alloc::alloc::{GlobalAlloc, Layout};
use core::ptr::null_mut;
use bump::BumpAllocator;
use x86_64::{
structures::paging::{
mapper::MapToError, FrameAllocator, Mapper, Page, PageTableFlags, Size4KiB,
},
VirtAddr,
};
pub mod bump;
pub mod fixed_size_block;
pub mod linked_list;
pub const HEAP_START: usize = 0x_4444_4444_0000;
pub const HEAP_SIZE: usize = 100 * 1024; // 100 KiB
#[global_allocator]
static ALLOCATOR: Locked<BumpAllocator> = Locked::new(BumpAllocator::new());
pub fn init_heap(
mapper: &mut impl Mapper<Size4KiB>,
frame_allocator: &mut impl FrameAllocator<Size4KiB>,
) -> Result<(), MapToError<Size4KiB>> {
let page_range = {
let heap_start = VirtAddr::new(HEAP_START as u64);
let heap_end = heap_start + HEAP_SIZE - 1u64;
let heap_start_page = Page::containing_address(heap_start);
let heap_end_page = Page::containing_address(heap_end);
Page::range_inclusive(heap_start_page, heap_end_page)
};
for page in page_range {
let frame = frame_allocator
.allocate_frame()
.ok_or(MapToError::FrameAllocationFailed)?;
let flags = PageTableFlags::PRESENT | PageTableFlags::WRITABLE;
unsafe { mapper.map_to(page, frame, flags, frame_allocator)?.flush() };
}
unsafe {
ALLOCATOR.lock().init(HEAP_START, HEAP_SIZE);
}
Ok(())
}
pub struct Dummy;
unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for Dummy {
unsafe fn alloc(&self, _layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
null_mut()
}
unsafe fn dealloc(&self, _ptr: *mut u8, _layout: Layout) {
panic!("dealloc should be never called")
}
}
/// A wrapper around spin::Mutex to permit trait implementations.
pub struct Locked<A> {
inner: spin::Mutex<A>,
}
impl<A> Locked<A> {
pub const fn new(inner: A) -> Self {
Locked {
inner: spin::Mutex::new(inner),
}
}
pub fn lock(&self) -> spin::MutexGuard<A> {
self.inner.lock()
}
}
/// Align the given address `addr` upwards to alignment `align`.
///
/// Requires that `align` is a power of two.
fn align_up(addr: usize, align: usize) -> usize {
(addr + align - 1) & !(align - 1)
}

61
lupos/src/allocator/bump.rs Normal file
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use super::{align_up, Locked};
use alloc::alloc::{GlobalAlloc, Layout};
use core::ptr;
pub struct BumpAllocator {
heap_start: usize,
heap_end: usize,
next: usize,
allocations: usize,
}
impl BumpAllocator {
/// Creates a new empty bump allocator.
pub const fn new() -> Self {
BumpAllocator {
heap_start: 0,
heap_end: 0,
next: 0,
allocations: 0,
}
}
/// Initializes the bump allocator with the given heap bounds.
///
/// This method is unsafe because the caller must ensure that the given
/// memory range is unused. Also, this method must be called only once.
pub unsafe fn init(&mut self, heap_start: usize, heap_size: usize) {
self.heap_start = heap_start;
self.heap_end = heap_start.saturating_add(heap_size);
self.next = heap_start;
}
}
unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for Locked<BumpAllocator> {
unsafe fn alloc(&self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
let mut bump = self.lock(); // get a mutable reference
let alloc_start = align_up(bump.next, layout.align());
let alloc_end = match alloc_start.checked_add(layout.size()) {
Some(end) => end,
None => return ptr::null_mut(),
};
if alloc_end > bump.heap_end {
ptr::null_mut() // out of memory
} else {
bump.next = alloc_end;
bump.allocations += 1;
alloc_start as *mut u8
}
}
unsafe fn dealloc(&self, _ptr: *mut u8, _layout: Layout) {
let mut bump = self.lock(); // get a mutable reference
bump.allocations -= 1;
if bump.allocations == 0 {
bump.next = bump.heap_start;
}
}
}

103
lupos/src/allocator/fixed_size_block.rs Normal file
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use super::Locked;
use alloc::alloc::{GlobalAlloc, Layout};
use core::{
mem,
ptr::{self, NonNull},
};
/// The block sizes to use.
///
/// The sizes must each be power of 2 because they are also used as
/// the block alignment (alignments must be always powers of 2).
const BLOCK_SIZES: &[usize] = &[8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048];
/// Choose an appropriate block size for the given layout.
///
/// Returns an index into the `BLOCK_SIZES` array.
fn list_index(layout: &Layout) -> Option<usize> {
let required_block_size = layout.size().max(layout.align());
BLOCK_SIZES.iter().position(|&s| s >= required_block_size)
}
struct ListNode {
next: Option<&'static mut ListNode>,
}
pub struct FixedSizeBlockAllocator {
list_heads: [Option<&'static mut ListNode>; BLOCK_SIZES.len()],
fallback_allocator: linked_list_allocator::Heap,
}
impl FixedSizeBlockAllocator {
/// Creates an empty FixedSizeBlockAllocator.
pub fn new() -> Self {
const EMPTY: Option<&'static mut ListNode> = None;
FixedSizeBlockAllocator {
list_heads: [EMPTY; BLOCK_SIZES.len()],
fallback_allocator: linked_list_allocator::Heap::empty(),
}
}
/// Initialize the allocator with the given heap bounds.
///
/// This function is unsafe because the caller must guarantee that the given
/// heap bounds are valid and that the heap is unused. This method must be
/// called only once.
pub unsafe fn init(&mut self, heap_start: usize, heap_size: usize) {
self.fallback_allocator.init(heap_start, heap_size);
}
/// Allocates using the fallback allocator.
fn fallback_alloc(&mut self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
match self.fallback_allocator.allocate_first_fit(layout) {
Ok(ptr) => ptr.as_ptr(),
Err(_) => ptr::null_mut(),
}
}
}
unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for Locked<FixedSizeBlockAllocator> {
unsafe fn alloc(&self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
let mut allocator = self.lock();
match list_index(&layout) {
Some(index) => {
match allocator.list_heads[index].take() {
Some(node) => {
allocator.list_heads[index] = node.next.take();
node as *mut ListNode as *mut u8
}
None => {
// no block exists in list => allocate new block
let block_size = BLOCK_SIZES[index];
// only works if all block sizes are a power of 2
let block_align = block_size;
let layout = Layout::from_size_align(block_size, block_align).unwrap();
allocator.fallback_alloc(layout)
}
}
}
None => allocator.fallback_alloc(layout),
}
}
unsafe fn dealloc(&self, ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout) {
let mut allocator = self.lock();
match list_index(&layout) {
Some(index) => {
let new_node = ListNode {
next: allocator.list_heads[index].take(),
};
// verify that block has size and alignment required for storing node
assert!(mem::size_of::<ListNode>() <= BLOCK_SIZES[index]);
assert!(mem::align_of::<ListNode>() <= BLOCK_SIZES[index]);
let new_node_ptr = ptr as *mut ListNode;
new_node_ptr.write(new_node);
allocator.list_heads[index] = Some(&mut *new_node_ptr);
}
None => {
let ptr = NonNull::new(ptr).unwrap();
allocator.fallback_allocator.deallocate(ptr, layout);
}
}
}
}

145
lupos/src/allocator/linked_list.rs Normal file
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use super::{align_up, Locked};
use alloc::alloc::{GlobalAlloc, Layout};
use core::{mem, ptr};
struct ListNode {
size: usize,
next: Option<&'static mut ListNode>,
}
const EMPTY: Option<&'static mut ListNode> = None;
impl ListNode {
const fn new(size: usize) -> Self {
ListNode { size, next: EMPTY }
}
fn start_addr(&self) -> usize {
self as *const Self as usize
}
fn end_addr(&self) -> usize {
self.start_addr() + self.size
}
}
pub struct LinkedListAllocator {
head: ListNode,
}
impl LinkedListAllocator {
/// Creates an empty LinkedListAllocator.
pub const fn new() -> Self {
Self {
head: ListNode::new(0),
}
}
/// Initialize the allocator with the given heap bounds.
///
/// This function is unsafe because the caller must guarantee that the given
/// heap bounds are valid and that the heap is unused. This method must be
/// called only once.
pub unsafe fn init(&mut self, heap_start: usize, heap_size: usize) {
self.add_free_region(heap_start, heap_size);
}
/// Adds the given memory region to the front of the list.
unsafe fn add_free_region(&mut self, addr: usize, size: usize) {
// ensure that the freed region is capable of holding ListNode
assert_eq!(align_up(addr, mem::align_of::<ListNode>()), addr);
assert!(size >= mem::size_of::<ListNode>());
// create a new list node and append it at the start of the list
let mut node = ListNode::new(size);
node.next = self.head.next.take();
let node_ptr = addr as *mut ListNode;
node_ptr.write(node);
self.head.next = Some(&mut *node_ptr)
}
/// Looks for a free region with the given size and alignment and removes
/// it from the list.
///
/// Returns a tuple of the list node and the start address of the allocation.
fn find_region(&mut self, size: usize, align: usize) -> Option<(&'static mut ListNode, usize)> {
// reference to current list node, updated for each iteration
let mut current = &mut self.head;
// look for a large enough memory region in linked list
while let Some(ref mut region) = current.next {
if let Ok(alloc_start) = Self::alloc_from_region(&region, size, align) {
// region suitable for allocation -> remove node from list
let next = region.next.take();
let ret = Some((current.next.take().unwrap(), alloc_start));
current.next = next;
return ret;
} else {
// region not suitable -> continue with next region
current = current.next.as_mut().unwrap();
}
}
// no suitable region found
None
}
/// Try to use the given region for an allocation with given size and alignment.
///
/// Returns the allocation start address on success.
fn alloc_from_region(region: &ListNode, size: usize, align: usize) -> Result<usize, ()> {
let alloc_start = align_up(region.start_addr(), align);
let alloc_end = alloc_start.checked_add(size).ok_or(())?;
if alloc_end > region.end_addr() {
// region too small
return Err(());
}
let excess_size = region.end_addr() - alloc_end;
if excess_size > 0 && excess_size < mem::size_of::<ListNode>() {
// rest of region too small to hold a ListNode (required because the
// allocation splits the region in a used and a free part)
return Err(());
}
// region suitable for allocation
Ok(alloc_start)
}
/// Adjust the given layout so that the resulting allocated memory
/// region is also capable of storing a `ListNode`.
///
/// Returns the adjusted size and alignment as a (size, align) tuple.
fn size_align(layout: Layout) -> (usize, usize) {
let layout = layout
.align_to(mem::align_of::<ListNode>())
.expect("adjusting alignment failed")
.pad_to_align();
let size = layout.size().max(mem::size_of::<ListNode>());
(size, layout.align())
}
}
unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for Locked<LinkedListAllocator> {
unsafe fn alloc(&self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
// perform layout adjustments
let (size, align) = LinkedListAllocator::size_align(layout);
let mut allocator = self.lock();
if let Some((region, alloc_start)) = allocator.find_region(size, align) {
let alloc_end = alloc_start.checked_add(size).expect("overflow");
let excess_size = region.end_addr() - alloc_end;
if excess_size > 0 {
allocator.add_free_region(alloc_end, excess_size);
}
alloc_start as *mut u8
} else {
ptr::null_mut()
}
}
unsafe fn dealloc(&self, ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout) {
// perform layout adjustments
let (size, _) = LinkedListAllocator::size_align(layout);
self.lock().add_free_region(ptr as usize, size)
}
}

46
lupos/src/gdt.rs Normal file
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use x86_64::VirtAddr;
use x86_64::structures::tss::TaskStateSegment;
use lazy_static::lazy_static;
pub const DOUBLE_FAULT_IST_INDEX: u16 = 0;
lazy_static! {
static ref TSS: TaskStateSegment = {
let mut tss = TaskStateSegment::new();
tss.interrupt_stack_table[DOUBLE_FAULT_IST_INDEX as usize] = {
const STACK_SIZE: usize = 4096 * 5;
static mut STACK: [u8; STACK_SIZE] = [0; STACK_SIZE];
let stack_start = VirtAddr::from_ptr(unsafe { &STACK });
let stack_end = stack_start + STACK_SIZE;
stack_end
};
tss
};
}
use x86_64::structures::gdt::{GlobalDescriptorTable, Descriptor};
use x86_64::structures::gdt::SegmentSelector;
lazy_static! {
static ref GDT: (GlobalDescriptorTable, Selectors) = {
let mut gdt = GlobalDescriptorTable::new();
let code_selector = gdt.add_entry(Descriptor::kernel_code_segment());
let tss_selector = gdt.add_entry(Descriptor::tss_segment(&TSS));
(gdt, Selectors { code_selector, tss_selector })
};
}
struct Selectors {
code_selector: SegmentSelector,
tss_selector: SegmentSelector,
}
pub fn init() {
use x86_64::instructions::tables::load_tss;
use x86_64::instructions::segmentation::{CS, Segment};
GDT.0.load();
unsafe {
CS::set_reg(GDT.1.code_selector);
load_tss(GDT.1.tss_selector);
}
}

107
lupos/src/interrupts.rs Normal file
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use x86_64::structures::idt::{InterruptDescriptorTable, InterruptStackFrame};
use crate::println;
use lazy_static::lazy_static;
use crate::keyboard_interrupts;
use keyboard_interrupts::keyboard_intertupt;
use crate::gdt;
use pic8259::ChainedPics;
use spin;
pub const PIC_1_OFFSET: u8 = 32;
pub const PIC_2_OFFSET: u8 = PIC_1_OFFSET + 8;
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
#[repr(u8)]
pub enum InterruptIndex {
Timer = PIC_1_OFFSET,
Keyboard,
}
impl InterruptIndex {
fn as_u8(self) -> u8 {
self as u8
}
fn as_usize(self) -> usize {
usize::from(self.as_u8())
}
}
pub static PICS: spin::Mutex<ChainedPics> =
spin::Mutex::new(unsafe { ChainedPics::new(PIC_1_OFFSET, PIC_2_OFFSET) });
lazy_static! {
static ref IDT: InterruptDescriptorTable = {
let mut idt = InterruptDescriptorTable::new();
idt.breakpoint.set_handler_fn(breakpoint_handler);
unsafe {
idt.double_fault.set_handler_fn(double_fault_handler)
.set_stack_index(gdt::DOUBLE_FAULT_IST_INDEX); // new
}
idt[InterruptIndex::Timer.as_usize()]
.set_handler_fn(timer_interrupt_handler); // new
// new
idt[InterruptIndex::Keyboard.as_usize()]
.set_handler_fn(keyboard_interrupt_handler);
idt.page_fault.set_handler_fn(page_fault_handler);
idt
};
}
// new
extern "x86-interrupt" fn double_fault_handler(
stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame, _error_code: u64) -> !
{
panic!("EXCEPTION: DOUBLE FAULT\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
}
pub fn init_idt() {
IDT.load();
}
extern "x86-interrupt" fn breakpoint_handler(
stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame)
{
println!("EXCEPTION: BREAKPOINT\n{:#?}", stack_frame);
}
#[test_case]
fn test_breakpoint_exception() {
// invoke a breakpoint exception
x86_64::instructions::interrupts::int3();
}
extern "x86-interrupt" fn timer_interrupt_handler(
_stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame)
{
unsafe {
PICS.lock()
.notify_end_of_interrupt(InterruptIndex::Timer.as_u8());
}
}
extern "x86-interrupt" fn keyboard_interrupt_handler(
_stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame)
{
keyboard_intertupt();
unsafe {
PICS.lock()
.notify_end_of_interrupt(InterruptIndex::Keyboard.as_u8());
}
}
use x86_64::structures::idt::PageFaultErrorCode;
use crate::hlt_loop;
extern "x86-interrupt" fn page_fault_handler(
stack_frame: InterruptStackFrame,
error_code: PageFaultErrorCode,
) {
use x86_64::registers::control::Cr2;
println!("EXCEPTION: PAGE FAULT");
println!("Accessed Address: {:?}", Cr2::read());
println!("Error Code: {:?}", error_code);
println!("{:#?}", stack_frame);
hlt_loop();
}

52
lupos/src/keyboard_interrupts.rs Normal file
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use crate::println;
use crate::print;
use crate::vga_buffer::WRITER;
use lazy_static::lazy_static;
use crate::move_cursor_back;
use crate::simple_commands;
use simple_commands::simple_commands_help;
use simple_commands::simple_commands_lupus;
use pc_keyboard::{layouts, DecodedKey, HandleControl, Keyboard, ScancodeSet1};
use spin::Mutex;
use x86_64::instructions::port::Port;
use alloc::string::String;
pub fn keyboard_intertupt() {
lazy_static! {
static ref KEYBOARD: Mutex<Keyboard<layouts::Us104Key, ScancodeSet1>> =
Mutex::new(Keyboard::new(layouts::Us104Key, ScancodeSet1,
HandleControl::Ignore)
);
}
static mut WHOLE_STRING: String = String::new();
let mut keyboard = KEYBOARD.lock();
let mut port = Port::new(0x60);
let scancode: u8 = unsafe { port.read() };
if let Ok(Some(key_event)) = keyboard.add_byte(scancode) {
if let Some(key) = keyboard.process_keyevent(key_event) {
match key {
DecodedKey::Unicode(character) => {
unsafe {
// Handle Backspace (ASCII 0x08)
match character{
'\x08' => {move_cursor_back!(); WHOLE_STRING.pop();},
'\n' => {print!("{}", character); check_command_list(WHOLE_STRING.as_str()); WHOLE_STRING.clear();},
_ => {print!("{}", character); WHOLE_STRING.push(character);}, // Füge das Zeichen zum Puffer hinzu
}
}
}
DecodedKey::RawKey(key) => print!("{:?}", key),
}
}
}
}
fn check_command_list(command: &str) {
match command{
"help" => simple_commands_help(),
"lupus" => simple_commands_lupus(),
_ => print!("Invalid Input"),
}
}

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#![no_std]
#![feature(abi_x86_interrupt)]
#![cfg_attr(test, no_main)]
#![feature(custom_test_frameworks)]
#![test_runner(crate::test_runner)]
#![reexport_test_harness_main = "test_main"]
pub mod serial;
pub mod vga_buffer;
pub mod interrupts;
pub mod gdt;
pub mod memory;
pub mod keyboard_interrupts;
pub mod simple_commands;
extern crate alloc;
pub mod allocator;
use core::panic::PanicInfo;
pub trait Testable {
fn run(&self) -> ();
}
impl<T> Testable for T
where
T: Fn(),
{
fn run(&self) {
serial_print!("{}...\t", core::any::type_name::<T>());
self();
serial_println!("[ok]");
}
}
pub fn test_runner(tests: &[&dyn Testable]) {
serial_println!("Running {} tests", tests.len());
for test in tests {
test.run();
}
exit_qemu(QemuExitCode::Success);
}
pub fn test_panic_handler(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
serial_println!("[failed]\n");
serial_println!("Error: {}\n", info);
exit_qemu(QemuExitCode::Failed);
hlt_loop();
}
#[cfg(test)]
use bootloader::{entry_point, BootInfo};
#[cfg(test)]
entry_point!(test_kernel_main);
/// Entry point for `cargo test`
#[cfg(test)]
fn test_kernel_main(_boot_info: &'static BootInfo) -> ! {
// like before
init();
test_main();
hlt_loop();
}
#[cfg(test)]
#[panic_handler]
fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
test_panic_handler(info)
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[repr(u32)]
pub enum QemuExitCode {
Success = 0x10,
Failed = 0x11,
}
pub fn exit_qemu(exit_code: QemuExitCode) {
use x86_64::instructions::port::Port;
unsafe {
let mut port = Port::new(0xf4);
port.write(exit_code as u32);
}
}
pub fn init() {
gdt::init();
interrupts::init_idt();
unsafe { interrupts::PICS.lock().initialize() };
x86_64::instructions::interrupts::enable();
}
pub fn hlt_loop() -> ! {
loop {
x86_64::instructions::hlt();
}
}

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#![no_std]
#![no_main]
#![feature(custom_test_frameworks)]
#![feature(const_mut_refs)]
#![test_runner(lupos::test_runner)]
#![reexport_test_harness_main = "test_main"]
use core::panic::PanicInfo;
use lupos::println;
use lupos:: print;
use bootloader::{BootInfo, entry_point};
use alloc::{boxed::Box, vec, vec::Vec, rc::Rc};
extern crate alloc;
entry_point!(kernel_main);
fn kernel_main(boot_info: &'static BootInfo) -> ! {
use lupos::memory;
use lupos::allocator;
use x86_64::{structures::paging::Page, VirtAddr};
use lupos::memory::BootInfoFrameAllocator;
println!("Cave Canem{}", "!");
lupos::init(); // new
let phys_mem_offset = VirtAddr::new(boot_info.physical_memory_offset);
let mut mapper = unsafe { memory::init(phys_mem_offset) };
let mut frame_allocator = unsafe { BootInfoFrameAllocator::init(&boot_info.memory_map) };
allocator::init_heap(&mut mapper, &mut frame_allocator).expect("heap initialization failed");
let page = Page::containing_address(VirtAddr::new(0xdeadbeaf000));
memory::create_example_mapping(page, &mut mapper, &mut frame_allocator);
// create a reference counted vector -> will be freed when count reaches 0
let reference_counted = Rc::new(vec![1, 2, 3]);
let cloned_reference = reference_counted.clone();
println!(
"current reference count is {}",
Rc::strong_count(&cloned_reference)
);
core::mem::drop(reference_counted);
println!(
"reference count is {} now",
Rc::strong_count(&cloned_reference)
);
#[cfg(test)]
test_main();
println!("It did not crash!");
lupos::hlt_loop();
}
#[cfg(not(test))]
#[panic_handler]
fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
println!("{}", info);
lupos::hlt_loop(); // new
}
#[cfg(test)]
#[panic_handler]
fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {
lupos::test_panic_handler(info)
}

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use x86_64::{
structures::paging::PageTable,
VirtAddr,
};
use x86_64::{
PhysAddr,
structures::paging::{Page, PhysFrame, Mapper, Size4KiB, FrameAllocator}
};
/// Creates an example mapping for the given page to frame `0xb8000`.
pub fn create_example_mapping(
page: Page,
mapper: &mut OffsetPageTable,
frame_allocator: &mut impl FrameAllocator<Size4KiB>,
) {
use x86_64::structures::paging::PageTableFlags as Flags;
let frame = PhysFrame::containing_address(PhysAddr::new(0xb8000));
let flags = Flags::PRESENT | Flags::WRITABLE;
let map_to_result = unsafe {
// FIXME: this is not safe, we do it only for testing
mapper.map_to(page, frame, flags, frame_allocator)
};
map_to_result.expect("map_to failed").flush();
}
/// Returns a mutable reference to the active level 4 table.
///
/// This function is unsafe because the caller must guarantee that the
/// complete physical memory is mapped to virtual memory at the passed
/// `physical_memory_offset`. Also, this function must be only called once
/// to avoid aliasing `&mut` references (which is undefined behavior).
use x86_64::structures::paging::OffsetPageTable;
/// Initialize a new OffsetPageTable.
///
/// This function is unsafe because the caller must guarantee that the
/// complete physical memory is mapped to virtual memory at the passed
/// `physical_memory_offset`. Also, this function must be only called once
/// to avoid aliasing `&mut` references (which is undefined behavior).
pub unsafe fn init(physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr) -> OffsetPageTable<'static> {
let level_4_table = active_level_4_table(physical_memory_offset);
OffsetPageTable::new(level_4_table, physical_memory_offset)
}
unsafe fn active_level_4_table(physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr)
-> &'static mut PageTable
{
use x86_64::registers::control::Cr3;
let (level_4_table_frame, _) = Cr3::read();
let phys = level_4_table_frame.start_address();
let virt = physical_memory_offset + phys.as_u64();
let page_table_ptr: *mut PageTable = virt.as_mut_ptr();
&mut *page_table_ptr // unsafe
}
/// Translates the given virtual address to the mapped physical address, or
/// `None` if the address is not mapped.
///
/// This function is unsafe because the caller must guarantee that the
/// complete physical memory is mapped to virtual memory at the passed
/// `physical_memory_offset`.
pub unsafe fn translate_addr(addr: VirtAddr, physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr)
-> Option<PhysAddr>
{
translate_addr_inner(addr, physical_memory_offset)
}
/// Private function that is called by `translate_addr`.
///
/// This function is safe to limit the scope of `unsafe` because Rust treats
/// the whole body of unsafe functions as an unsafe block. This function must
/// only be reachable through `unsafe fn` from outside of this module.
fn translate_addr_inner(addr: VirtAddr, physical_memory_offset: VirtAddr)
-> Option<PhysAddr>
{
use x86_64::structures::paging::page_table::FrameError;
use x86_64::registers::control::Cr3;
// read the active level 4 frame from the CR3 register
let (level_4_table_frame, _) = Cr3::read();
let table_indexes = [
addr.p4_index(), addr.p3_index(), addr.p2_index(), addr.p1_index()
];
let mut frame = level_4_table_frame;
// traverse the multi-level page table
for &index in &table_indexes {
// convert the frame into a page table reference
let virt = physical_memory_offset + frame.start_address().as_u64();
let table_ptr: *const PageTable = virt.as_ptr();
let table = unsafe {&*table_ptr};
// read the page table entry and update `frame`
let entry = &table[index];
frame = match entry.frame() {
Ok(frame) => frame,
Err(FrameError::FrameNotPresent) => return None,
Err(FrameError::HugeFrame) => panic!("huge pages not supported"),
};
}
// calculate the physical address by adding the page offset
Some(frame.start_address() + u64::from(addr.page_offset()))
}
/// A FrameAllocator that always returns `None`.
pub struct EmptyFrameAllocator;
unsafe impl FrameAllocator<Size4KiB> for EmptyFrameAllocator {
fn allocate_frame(&mut self) -> Option<PhysFrame> {
None
}
}
use bootloader::bootinfo::MemoryMap;
/// A FrameAllocator that returns usable frames from the bootloader's memory map.
pub struct BootInfoFrameAllocator {
memory_map: &'static MemoryMap,
next: usize,
}
impl BootInfoFrameAllocator {
/// Create a FrameAllocator from the passed memory map.
///
/// This function is unsafe because the caller must guarantee that the passed
/// memory map is valid. The main requirement is that all frames that are marked
/// as `USABLE` in it are really unused.
pub unsafe fn init(memory_map: &'static MemoryMap) -> Self {
BootInfoFrameAllocator {
memory_map,
next: 0,
}
}
}
use bootloader::bootinfo::MemoryRegionType;
impl BootInfoFrameAllocator {
/// Returns an iterator over the usable frames specified in the memory map.
fn usable_frames(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = PhysFrame> {
// get usable regions from memory map
let regions = self.memory_map.iter();
let usable_regions = regions
.filter(|r| r.region_type == MemoryRegionType::Usable);
// map each region to its address range
let addr_ranges = usable_regions
.map(|r| r.range.start_addr()..r.range.end_addr());
// transform to an iterator of frame start addresses
let frame_addresses = addr_ranges.flat_map(|r| r.step_by(4096));
// create `PhysFrame` types from the start addresses
frame_addresses.map(|addr| PhysFrame::containing_address(PhysAddr::new(addr)))
}
}
unsafe impl FrameAllocator<Size4KiB> for BootInfoFrameAllocator {
fn allocate_frame(&mut self) -> Option<PhysFrame> {
let frame = self.usable_frames().nth(self.next);
self.next += 1;
frame
}
}

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use uart_16550::SerialPort;
use spin::Mutex;
use lazy_static::lazy_static;
lazy_static! {
pub static ref SERIAL1: Mutex<SerialPort> = {
let mut serial_port = unsafe { SerialPort::new(0x3F8) };
serial_port.init();
Mutex::new(serial_port)
};
}
#[doc(hidden)]
pub fn _print(args: ::core::fmt::Arguments) {
use core::fmt::Write;
use x86_64::instructions::interrupts; // new
interrupts::without_interrupts(|| { // new
SERIAL1
.lock()
.write_fmt(args)
.expect("Printing to serial failed");
});
}
/// Prints to the host through the serial interface.
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! serial_print {
($($arg:tt)*) => {
$crate::serial::_print(format_args!($($arg)*));
};
}
/// Prints to the host through the serial interface, appending a newline.
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! serial_println {
() => ($crate::serial_print!("\n"));
($fmt:expr) => ($crate::serial_print!(concat!($fmt, "\n")));
($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::serial_print!(
concat!($fmt, "\n"), $($arg)*));
}

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use crate::println;
use crate::print;
pub fn simple_commands_help() {
println!("List of simple commands:");
println!(" - help: Shows this table");
println!(" - lupus: Bark Woof");
}
pub fn simple_commands_lupus() {
println!("Wooo00oof!");
}

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#[allow(dead_code)]
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[repr(u8)]
pub enum Color {
Black = 0,
Blue = 1,
Green = 2,
Cyan = 3,
Red = 4,
Magenta = 5,
Brown = 6,
LightGray = 7,
DarkGray = 8,
LightBlue = 9,
LightGreen = 10,
LightCyan = 11,
LightRed = 12,
Pink = 13,
Yellow = 14,
White = 15,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[repr(transparent)]
struct ColorCode(u8);
impl ColorCode {
fn new(foreground: Color, background: Color) -> ColorCode {
ColorCode((background as u8) << 4 | (foreground as u8))
}
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[repr(C)]
struct ScreenChar {
ascii_character: u8,
color_code: ColorCode,
}
const BUFFER_HEIGHT: usize = 25;
const BUFFER_WIDTH: usize = 80;
pub struct Writer {
column_position: usize,
color_code: ColorCode,
buffer: &'static mut Buffer,
}
impl Writer {
pub fn write_byte(&mut self, byte: u8) {
match byte {
b'\n' => self.new_line(),
byte=> {
if self.column_position >= BUFFER_WIDTH {
self.new_line();
}
let row = BUFFER_HEIGHT - 1;
let col = self.column_position;
let color_code = self.color_code;
self.buffer.chars[row][col].write(ScreenChar {
ascii_character: byte,
color_code,
});
self.column_position += 1;
}
}
}
fn new_line(&mut self) {
for row in 1..BUFFER_HEIGHT {
for col in 0..BUFFER_WIDTH {
let character = self.buffer.chars[row][col].read();
self.buffer.chars[row - 1][col].write(character);
}
}
self.clear_row(BUFFER_HEIGHT - 1);
self.column_position = 0;
}
fn clear_row(&mut self, row: usize) {
let blank = ScreenChar {
ascii_character: b' ',
color_code: self.color_code,
};
for col in 0..BUFFER_WIDTH {
self.buffer.chars[row][col].write(blank);
}
}
pub fn write_string(&mut self, s: &str) {
for byte in s.bytes() {
match byte {
// printable ASCII byte or newline
0x20..=0x7e | b'\n' => self.write_byte(byte),
// not part of printable ASCII range
_ => self.write_byte(0xfe),
}
}
}
pub fn move_cursor_back(&mut self) {
if self.column_position > 0 {
self.column_position -= 1;
self.write_byte(b' '); // Überschreibt das Zeichen mit einem Leerzeichen
self.column_position -= 1; // Bewegt den Cursor zurück
}
}
}
use alloc::borrow::ToOwned;
use volatile::Volatile;
struct Buffer {
chars: [[Volatile<ScreenChar>; BUFFER_WIDTH]; BUFFER_HEIGHT],
}
use core::borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut};
use core::fmt;
impl fmt::Write for Writer {
fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
self.write_string(s);
Ok(())
}
}
use spin::Mutex;
use lazy_static::lazy_static;
lazy_static! {
pub static ref WRITER: Mutex<Writer> = Mutex::new(Writer {
column_position: 0,
color_code: ColorCode::new(Color::Yellow, Color::Black),
buffer: unsafe { &mut *(0xb8000 as *mut Buffer) },
});
}
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! move_cursor_back {
($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::vga_buffer::_move_cursor_back());
}
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! print {
($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::vga_buffer::_print(format_args!($($arg)*)));
}
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! println {
() => ($crate::print!("\n"));
($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::print!("{}\n", format_args!($($arg)*)));
}
#[doc(hidden)]
pub fn _move_cursor_back() {
use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
WRITER.lock().move_cursor_back();
});
}
#[doc(hidden)]
pub fn _print(args: fmt::Arguments) {
use core::fmt::Write;
use x86_64::instructions::interrupts; // new
interrupts::without_interrupts(|| { // new
WRITER.lock().write_fmt(args).unwrap();
});
}
#[test_case]
fn test_println_output() {
use core::fmt::Write;
use x86_64::instructions::interrupts;
let s = "Some test string that fits on a single line";
interrupts::without_interrupts(|| {
let mut writer = WRITER.lock();
writeln!(writer, "\n{}", s).expect("writeln failed");
for (i, c) in s.chars().enumerate() {
let screen_char = writer.buffer.chars[BUFFER_HEIGHT - 2][i].read();
assert_eq!(char::from(screen_char.ascii_character), c);
}
});
}

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{"rustc_fingerprint":9721516820068853826,"outputs":{"7971740275564407648":{"success":true,"status":"","code":0,"stdout":"___\nlib___.rlib\nlib___.so\nlib___.so\nlib___.a\nlib___.so\n/home/kuro/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\noff\npacked\nunpacked\n___\ndebug_assertions\npanic=\"unwind\"\nproc_macro\ntarget_abi=\"\"\ntarget_arch=\"x86_64\"\ntarget_endian=\"little\"\ntarget_env=\"gnu\"\ntarget_family=\"unix\"\ntarget_feature=\"fxsr\"\ntarget_feature=\"sse\"\ntarget_feature=\"sse2\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"16\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"32\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"64\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"8\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"ptr\"\ntarget_os=\"linux\"\ntarget_pointer_width=\"64\"\ntarget_vendor=\"unknown\"\nunix\n","stderr":""},"17747080675513052775":{"success":true,"status":"","code":0,"stdout":"rustc 1.88.0 (6b00bc388 2025-06-23)\nbinary: rustc\ncommit-hash: 6b00bc3880198600130e1cf62b8f8a93494488cc\ncommit-date: 2025-06-23\nhost: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\nrelease: 1.88.0\nLLVM version: 20.1.5\n","stderr":""},"17176222793216693274":{"success":true,"status":"","code":0,"stdout":"___\nlib___.rlib\nlib___.a\n/home/kuro/.rustup/toolchains/stable-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\noff\n___\ndebug_assertions\npanic=\"abort\"\nproc_macro\ntarget_abi=\"\"\ntarget_arch=\"x86_64\"\ntarget_endian=\"little\"\ntarget_env=\"\"\ntarget_feature=\"sse\"\ntarget_feature=\"sse2\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"16\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"32\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"64\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"8\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"ptr\"\ntarget_os=\"none\"\ntarget_pointer_width=\"64\"\ntarget_vendor=\"unknown\"\n","stderr":"warning: dropping unsupported crate type `dylib` for target `x86_64-lupos-7114822090336562849`\n\nwarning: dropping unsupported crate type `cdylib` for target `x86_64-lupos-7114822090336562849`\n\nwarning: dropping unsupported crate type `proc-macro` for target `x86_64-lupos-7114822090336562849`\n\nwarning: 3 warnings emitted\n\n"}},"successes":{}}

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lupos/x86_64-lupos.json Normal file
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{
"llvm-target": "x86_64-unknown-none",
"data-layout": "e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-i128:128-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128",
"arch": "x86_64",
"target-endian": "little",
"target-pointer-width": "64",
"target-c-int-width": "32",
"os": "none",
"executables": true,
"linker-flavor": "ld.lld",
"linker": "rust-lld",
"panic-strategy": "abort",
"features": "-mmx,+sse"
}